Nanoparticlesquantum have emerged as promising tools in a diverse range of applications, including bioimaging and drug delivery. However, their inherent physicochemical properties raise concerns regarding potential toxicity. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), a type of nanoparticle that converts near-infrared light into visible light, hold immense

PbSe quantum particle solar cells represent a promising avenue for reaching high photovoltaic efficiency. These devices leverage the unique optoelectronic properties of PbSe nanocrystals, which exhibit size-tunable bandgaps and exceptional light absorption in the visible spectrum. By carefully tuning the size and composition of the PbSe particles,